Другой человек: как годовая миссия на МКС повлияла на американского астронавта
В 2016 году американский астронавт Скотт Келли вернулся на Землю спустя 340 дней нахождения на борту Международной космической станции (МКС). Столь продолжительное космическое путешествие стало частью программы аэрокосмического агентства NASA по изучению последствий долгого пребывания в космосе, а также проверкой предела человеческой выносливости при длительном нахождении в условиях микрогравитации. В конечном итоге со всем тем же придется столкнуться астронавтам, которые в перспективе должны будут отправиться на Марс и, возможно, за его пределы.
В рамках эксперимента, получившего название Twin Study («Исследование близнецов») Скотт Келли провел на околоземной орбите почти год, в то время как его брат-близнец Марк Келли, кстати, тоже астронавт, находился на Земле. После возвращения Скотта на твердую почву медицинские эксперты и ученые из NASA приступили к медицинским исследованиям двух братьев. Эти тесты должны были показать, какое воздействие на физическое состояние Скотта оказало долгое пребывание в космосе. Самые последние результаты этого исследования говорят о том, что у Скотта действительно наблюдаются изменения, причем вплоть до генетического уровня.
Первые результаты проверки, опубликованные еще в конце января 2017 года, говорили о том, что организм Скотта Келли показывает признаки воспаления, изменений в работе теломеров и теломеразы (составные компоненты хромосомной системы, связанные с процессами старения организма), изменение в плотности костей, а также в работе желудочно-кишечной системы. На самом деле все эти пункты так или иначе были ожидаемыми, отмечают исследователи из NASA.
Астронавты-близнецы Скотт Келли (слева) и Марк Келли (справа)
«Проведя исследование состояния метаболитов, цитокинов и белков, ученые пришли к выводу, что во время космического полета в организме астронавта наблюдалась некоторая нехватка кислорода (кислородное голодание), повышение воспалительных процессов, а также резкое изменение в количестве питательных веществ, что в итоге повлияло на экспрессию его генов… После возвращения Скотта на Землю его организм вошел в состояние реадаптации к земной гравитации. Большинство систем его организма, которые подверглись изменениям в рамках долгого пребывания в космосе, по возвращении домой быстро вернулись в нормальное состояние. Некоторые системы его организма вернулись в базовое состояние в течение нескольких часов или дней после посадки, другим же потребовалось больше времени – вплоть до шести месяцев», — комментировало на тот момент агентство выводы медицинской комиссии.
В качестве объекта исследования брались и возможные генетические и психологические различия между двумя братьями. Совсем недавно эти исследования были завершены. Результаты такие: проведя на орбите год, Скотт Келли вернулся домой в буквальном смысле другими человеком. 93 процента генов Скотта Келли вернулись в обычное состояние после его возвращения на Землю, в то время как 7 процентов — нет. Ученые объясняют это «продолжительной гипоксией, гиперкапнией (избыточным содержанием CO2 в крови), а также долгими изменениями в генах, связанными с правильной работой иммунной системы, ДНК-восстановительными процессами, а также восстановлением костных тканей».
Другими словами, помимо уже хорошо известных эффектов воздействия микрогравитации – мышечной атрофии, потери плотности костей, снижения зрения — пример Скотта Келли показывает, к чему может привести долгая нехватка кислорода и повышенное содержание углекислого газа в тканях организма, а также то, как организм готов справляться с этими изменениями.
В то же время в отчете указано, что у Скотта Келли не наблюдалось никаких существенных когнитивных изменений. Предварительные исследования показали незначительное снижение в скорости и точности выполнения когнитивных тестов по сравнению с его братом, но в целом эти изменения наблюдались лишь в первые дни после его посадки. Через какое-то время после адаптации к земной гравитации все его мозговые функции пришли в норму.
Профессор Пенсильванского университета Матиас Баснер, выступавший руководителем постполетных исследований Скотта Келли, также отметил отсутствие реальных различий в работе когнитивных функций у астронавтов, которые провели на орбите 6 и 12 месяцев. Данное наблюдение особенно важно, если учесть, что обычно люди проводят на борту МКС в рамках космических миссий не более 3 месяцев, в то время как те же полеты на Марс могут занять от 150 до 300 дней, в зависимости от расположения планет и скорости космического аппарата в момент проведения этих миссий.
Полет к Марсу и обратно, а также нахождение в условиях пониженной гравитации на Красной планете могут занять несколько лет. Поэтому исследования, подобные Twin Study, направлены в первую очередь на то, чтобы подготовить человека к очень долгому космическому путешествию, которое, согласно планам, должно состояться где-то в 2030-х годах. Необходимо не только разобраться во всех возможных проблемах со здоровьем, которые могут возникнуть в рамках этого полета, но также по возможности и минимизировать эти последствия.
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