Хотя гены влияют на интеллект, мы не можем усовершенствовать ум

«Для начала позвольте мне рассказать вам, насколько я умен. Вот настолько. В пятом классе учитель по математике сказал, что я смышлен в математике и, оглядываясь назад, я должен признать, что она была права. Я могу сказать вам, что время существует, но оно не может быть интегрировано в фундаментальное уравнение. И не обязательно мне верить. Большая часть того, что говорят люди, правдива лишь отчасти. И я говорю».
Так начинает свой рассказ вычислительный биолог из Кембриджа Джим Коцубек. В работе, опубликованной в Nature Genetics в 2017 году, сообщалось, что после анализа десятков тысяч геномов, ученые связали 52 гена с человеческим интеллектом, хотя ни один вариант не обеспечил большей прибавки, чем в несколько сотых процента, к интеллекту. Как рассказал старший автор исследования Даниэль Постума, статистический генетик из Университета Врие в Амстердаме, «пройдет много времени, прежде чем ученые смогут на самом деле предсказывать интеллект, используя генетику. Несмотря на это, легко представить себе социальные последствия, вызывающие беспокойство: студенты, прикладывающие результаты секвенирования генома к заявлению на поступление в колледж; работодатели, роющиеся в генетических данных подходящих кандидатов; ЭКО, обещающая ребенку высокий уровень интеллекта за счет применения системы CRISPR-Cas9.
Некоторые люди уже готовы к этому новому миру. Философы вроде Джона Харриса из Манчестерского университета и Джулиана Савулеску из Оксфордского университета утверждали, что мы будем обязаны манипулировать генетическим кодом наших будущих детей, во благо им. Также термин «родительского пренебрежения» был расширен и включил «генетическое пренебрежение», предполагающее, что если мы не будем использовать генетическую инженерию или когнитивное улучшение для улучшения наших детей, это будет неправильно. Другие же, вроде Дэвида Корреи, который преподает в Университете Нью-Мексико, предвидит антиутопическое будущее, в котором богатые будут использовать силу генетической инженерии для перевода власти из социальной сферы в форму генетического кода, создавая «голубую кровь» в прямом смысле.
Такие проблемы носят многолетний характер; общественность настораживает изменение генетики еще с тех пор, как ученые изобрели рекомбинантную ДНК. Еще в 1970-х годах Дэвид Балтимор, получивший Нобелевскую премию, задал себе вопрос, покажет ли его новаторская работа, что «различия между людьми — это генетические различия, а не экологические».
Как оказалось, гены имеют влияние на интеллект, но только в широком смысле и в косвенном порядке. Гены участвуют в сложных отношениях, создающих нейронные системы, которые может быть невозможно воспроизвести. По сути, ученые, которые пытаются понять, как взаимодействуют гены, создавая оптимальные сети, сталкиваются с так называемой «задачей коммивояжера». Биолог-теоретик Стюарт Кауффман в «О происхождении порядка» (1993) описал ее так: «Задача начать с одного из N городов, отправиться поочередно в каждый город и вернуться в начало кратчайшим путем. Эта проблема, которую легко сформулировать, на деле чрезвычайно сложна». Эволюция сперва замыкается на нескольких рабочих моделях, а затем тысячелетиями оттачивает решения, но лучшее, что могут сделать компьютеры, чтобы создать оптимальную биологическую сеть из нескольких вводы, это использовать эвристику, то есть сокращенные решения. Сложность выходит на новый уровень, в том числе и потому, что белки и клетки взаимодействуют на более высоких измерениях. Что важно, генетические исследования не позволяют диагностировать, лечить или устранять умственные расстройства, равно как и не объясняют сложные взаимодействия, которые дают начало интеллекту. Мы не сможем создать сверхчеловека в ближайшем будущем.
По сути, вся эта сложность может противостоять способности видов эволюционировать. Кауффман представил концепцию «катастрофы сложности», ситуацию у сложных организмов, когда эволюция уже сделала свое дело и гены переплелись настолько, что роль естественного отбора уменьшилась, уступив работоспособности отдельного индивида. То есть вид проложил себе путь к форме, в которой уже не может с легкостью эволюционировать или улучшаться.
Если сложность — это ловушка, то таковой будет и мысль об элитарности отдельных генов. В 1960-х годах Ричард Левонтин и Джон Хабби использовали новую технологию — гель-электрофорез — чтобы отделить уникальные варианты белков. Они показали, что разные формы одних и тех же генов, или аллели, распределялись куда вариативнее, чем ожидалось. В 1966 году Левонтин и Хабби открыли принцип «балансирующего отбора», который объясняет, что субоптимальные вариации генов могут оставаться в популяции, потому что вносят вклад в разнообразие. Человеческий геном работает в параллелях. У нас есть по меньшей мере две копии любого гена на всех аутосомных хромосомах и наличие копий гена будет полезным, особенно для разнообразия иммунной системы, если эволюция захочет испробовать относительно рисковый вариант, сохраняя при этом проверенную и рабочую версию гена. Со временем генетические варианты, которые могут вносить определенный риск или новизну, будут возвращаться или следовать за положительным генетическим вариантом. Если это имеет какое-либо последствие для человеческого интеллекта, то у генов есть паразитирующее свойство следовать друг за другом; ни один из них не будет настолько превосходным, чтобы использовать другие гены не имело смысла.
Важно отметить, что мы давно знаем, что 30 000 генов не могут определять организацию 100 триллионов синаптических связей мозга, указывая на неопровержимую реальность: интеллект, в определенной степени, закаляется проблемами и нагрузками во время развития мозга. Мы знаем, что эволюция иногда идет на риск, поэтому мы всегда будем иметь генетические вариации, отвечающие за аутизм, обсессивно-компульсивные расстройства, депрессию и шизофрению; следовательно, мнение о том, что наука окончательно решит проблемы с психическим здоровьем, в корне неверно. Для эволюции не существует превосходных генов, только связанные с риском и оптимальные для конкретных задач и условий.
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Gradually rising resistance is essential for
muscle adaptation and progress, so give consideration to using progressive overload in your cable chest exercises.
With an emphasis on controlled resistance coaching using cable machines, these workout routines
continue to maximize range of movement and sustained rigidity on the chest muscular
tissues for enhanced outcomes. Carry Out the Cable
Single Arm Crossover on the cable machine to target your pectoral
muscles. Use adjustable resistance and cross one arm over your physique
to have interaction the chest muscular tissues successfully.
In this post, we’ll explore one of the best chest workouts on the
cable machine that cater to building both power
and measurement in your pectoral muscular tissues. Every exercise
has been selected for its effectiveness in participating
varied parts of the chest anatomy—ensuring no fiber goes untouched.
To maximize the focus in your decrease chest muscles, lower the angle of your cable fly to a decline.
The result’s larger muscle tension and a greater workout for
your shoulders, triceps, forearms, and even your core.
The great factor about using cables for the bench press is that you just get an increased exercise all through
the entire train. You’ll have to work exhausting to push
the weight up, but even at the peak of the movement, the cable is forcing
your muscular tissues to tense. You’ll get no «break» between the concentric and eccentric phases of the
cable bench press variation. Cable machine chest workout routines present nice variety, ease of use, and protected training choices for all.
Whether Or Not you’re learning to stabilize your
shoulder or need to develop a better-looking chest
for the poolside, cable chest exercises are a fantastic option.
Due to the technical difficulty of this train, it is higher fitted to intermediate to superior lifters.
Muscles, tendons, ligaments, and bones respond favorably to variations in our exercise choice.
Unlike free weights, cables present fixed rigidity throughout the complete
range of motion, even on the top of the exercise (or peak contraction).
Whereas not many individuals are prone to do a cable solely chest workout, it may be done and in an efficient method no much less.
If all you might have access to is a cable crossover machine, we promise you will get an exceptional chest exercise in. If you need the flat fly, then place your self up higher on the stability ball so your upper
body is parallel with the ground. If you wish to do an
incline fly, rest your again additional down on the steadiness ball
so your torso is angled up.
The workout begins with the bench press, which lays a basis by working just about your complete chest.
The decline push-up is a variation of the common push-up,
in which you’ve positioned your ft on an elevation. This
makes the train heavier and shifts more of the work towards
your upper chest.
A Cable Shoulder Press could be done both standing or seated
on a bench with a straight bar attachment or cable pulley handles.
Nonetheless, they do provide some advantages to the rear deltoids and the general
shoulder region, particularly in stabilizing and controlling the movement.
When you’re slowly controlling the burden on the
method in which down, you’re actually creating extra
micro-tears within the muscle fibers. The concentric portion is when you’re lifting the
weight, contracting your muscular tissues.
This permits your body to adapt to new stresses and challenges, especially if
you’re incorporating these varied rep ranges we talked about earlier.
Because this permits sufficient stimulus for progress and strength,
whereas additionally offering ample recovery time.
For endurance (15-20 reps), go lighter to maintain performance all through
the set.
Adjust the cable weight to make sure you could perform each train with right method whereas
nonetheless feeling a problem. Moreover, incorporating sluggish and deliberate repetitions
can help fully engage the focused muscle tissue for higher results.
Transitioning from the Cable Standing Squeeze Upper Chest Press to
the Cable Standing Neutral grip Fly, this exercise targets the higher chest while engaging
the stabilizing muscles. With management, convey your arms together in entrance of you, crossing them
at shoulder degree. Slowly return to the starting position, feeling the stretch across your chest as you open your arms extensive
again.
This can lead to greater muscle activation and in the end better outcomes.
Cable machines can be a great various to conventional bench pressing with free
weights, as they permit for a more steady and managed vary of movement.
The resistance supplied by the cables can also present
a further problem for the muscle tissue, significantly at the peak of the movement when the
muscles are required to keep up rigidity. The capacity to rapidly adjust the load
and carry out a wide range of workouts with out the necessity to change gear makes cable machines
a handy and environment friendly choice for so much of people.
A lot of free weight exercises focus mainly on the concentric
(contraction) part, however don’t actually hit your muscular tissues exhausting in the course of the eccentric (relaxation) section. The cable machine is enough to meet most fitness targets for the chest.
The cable machine additionally showed greater EMG exercise within the stabilizer muscle tissue
of the higher limb, leading to extra overall
muscle recruitment. One Other single arm variation making
this listing is the decline cable crossover.
With machines that slide alongside a set rail, stability is designed into the
machine. With the cable machine, nevertheless, you need to create your personal stability and interact secondary
muscle tissue to keep your arms transferring alongside the correct plane of movement.
Perform your chest workout each fifth day and, with three months, you should count on to add as much as an inch on your
chest muscles. When it comes to getting an awesome pec pumping
workout, cables are the best way to go. They allow you to hammer your chest from each conceivable angle and to apply fixed rigidity from start to finish.
To cover a few of these briefly again, cable machines are straightforward to adjust, fast to change resistance ranges, versatile of
their attachments, and accessible to all capacity levels.
Of all the shoulder exercises, the lateral raise, and its variations,
is pretty much in our program constantly. The upright
row can construct some severe muscle within the entrance and facet delts while additionally building
your traps and rhomboids. In addition, this pulling cable shoulder train may help some of your different lifts like deadlifts.
We generally wish to carry out a bilateral fly because it tends
to allow a extra pure movement with none twisting.
However, when you wanted to, you could carry out
this in a unilateral trend and practice one muscle
at a time. Urgent up with such a detailed grip will focus the stress onto the front delts, pecs, and triceps.
This versatility simply makes it that a lot of a greater train to hit all your deltoids.
Resistance bands with handles or pulley techniques hooked up to a door body can mimic the movement
of cable workouts and goal the chest muscles successfully. Yes, cable chest workouts can be carried
out at house with the proper tools. Cable
machines are generally present in industrial gyms but there are also
transportable and reasonably priced options for home use.
Whereas cable chest workouts can be an effective addition to a workout routine, they
can not fully replace conventional chest workout routines.
Find solutions to these questions and more in our comprehensive FAQ section.
It increases stress on the muscle fibers of the decrease
portion of the pec major. The goal is to maintain your elbows in a set position to reduce back the use of your triceps
and get a concentrated dose of chest and shoulder stimulation. Doing the workouts supplied in this article will give your chest a whole workout, specializing in equal elements on every part of your pectorals for improved efficiency and aesthetics.
Your chest is made up of two muscles, the pectoralis major and
pectoralis minor.
In this submit, we’ll show you 15 of the most effective cable chest workout routines to
add into your routine. The cable crunch is
an incredibly effective train for working your abdominals.
It retains fixed pressure on your abs all through the range of movement, which is perfect for building a six-pack.
Our best cable workouts listing is categorized by muscle groups and
offers focused choices for a complete workout.
Additionally, individuals with sure well being circumstances or preexisting shoulder
accidents may need to switch or avoid chest dips. Newbies should begin with correct method and progressively improve
the difficulty stage to avoid strain or injury. Bear In Mind to prioritize your security and consult with a fitness skilled when you
have any issues or uncertainties about performing chest dips.
You can perform chest workouts at house or on the health club,
however the advantages will differ. For instance, chest exercises at
home are a cheap way to start your workout journey. Additionally, figuring out your chest on the
health club offers you entry to gear, facilities, and trainers to ensure you’re performing the exercises properly.
Under, we study the various sorts of chest workouts and clarify
how typically you must train your chest.
Working out your chest targets two major muscle groups, the pectoralis main and the pectoralis minor.
The pectoralis main is the bigger of the 2 and sits
on top of its smaller pectoralis minor counterpart.
Chest workout routines prolong to focus on peripheral muscle tissue such because the serratus anterior,
deltoids, and subclavius. Strengthening the peripheral chest muscular
tissues is important for stabilizing joints and bigger muscle groups.
For instance, doing a single arm cable fly won’t solely
work your chest muscular tissues, but in addition your core
muscles.
This is why you see a lot of people use the cable crossover machine for flys greater than dumbbells.
As these are more so accessory exercises, you can switch up your cable chest workouts
weekly, bi-weekly, month-to-month, or as you see match.
The cable chest press is superb if you can’t get your hands on dumbbells or a
bench during rush hours. When performing cable incline fly workout routines, stand tall with ft shoulder-width apart and grab the cables while keeping your palms facing one another.
Preserve a slight bend within the elbows as
you increase each palms towards one another in front of your chest, ensuring to maintain control throughout the movement.
Free-weight shoulder exercises may help you construct
shoulder energy and muscle mass. Nonetheless, you need cable workouts for
overall improvement and constructing 3D shoulders.
As a outcome, you’re not simply lifting weights; you’re sculpting
your chest with precision that only cables can provide.
With progressive overload and correct method, these exercises will
assist rework your higher body right into a powerhouse of
each type and practical capability. However yet another examine checked out chest activation throughout flat, 30-degree incline,
45-degree incline, and 15-degree decline barbell presses.
First, beginners could discover it useful to start with modified push-up
variations, corresponding to knee push-ups or using an elevated surface,
steadily progressing to full push-ups. Second,
give attention to sustaining correct type by
preserving a straight physique alignment, engaging the core, and avoiding excessive strain on the wrists
or shoulders. Lastly, regulate the problem of your push-ups as needed by
modifying the hand placement, including weight, or incorporating
variations like diamond push-ups or decline push-ups.
Their adaptability allows you to target totally different objectives and training types while maximizing chest
activation. Beneath the pectoralis major is the pectoralis minor, a smaller muscle that performs a giant function in shoulder movement and stabilization. Your upper chest muscular tissues are essential for creating that seen «shelf» on prime of your chest and underneath your shirt.
It is also an necessary muscle in sports where you throw, punch, or push.
Your chest muscles are one of the major muscle teams of your upper body.
Otherwise, he stated to position an incline bench, which may offer
more stability. Another profit offered by cable machines is the facet of
a unique range of movement. You’re not just pushing or pulling weight vertically or horizontally – somewhat,
your body adopts numerous positions permitting a three-dimensional execute, fine-tuning your
muscles’ growth. Cable machines are a incredible software that can help you achieve your fitness goals.
They supply a unique range of motion that’s
hard to duplicate with free weights, making them best
for sculpting that good pec definition. Integrate the Cable Standing Chest
Press into your chest coaching routine to diversify your workouts and stimulate muscle development.
Modify the cable resistance to match your health degree,
and concentrate on maintaining correct type for optimal results.
Lower chest workouts profit health and wellness by selling core engagement, energy training, and correct posture.
Firstly, core engagement is essential for creating
stability whereas performing physical activities. The added stability prevents damage and encourages athletes to
work out using the correct kind. Secondly, decrease chest workouts promote energy coaching, which will increase the number of exercises athletes can perform without damage.
Thirdly, lower chest exercises enhance posture, which leads to a
greater lung capacity, and fewer back and shoulder pain.
In addition, the constant rigidity throughout the vary of motion supplied by
cable machines, corresponding to cable crossovers, provides a extra important
stimulus for general muscle growth.
However as you presumably can see, even in the literature there’s plenty of particular person variation. If that
is the case for you, consider alternatively utilizing an train like the dumbbell
bench press. It has been proven to have similar chest activation to the barbell bench
press however much less triceps activation. The Incline banded chest press, also identified as the
Low To High Chest Press, is a variation of the standard chest press
that works the upper chest muscle tissue.
It also balances pressure on the muscular tissues with
manageable joint stress and metabolic fatigue.
But, it’s still important to see how your physique responds to totally different rep ranges,
according to your objectives. The cable bench press is actually a variation of the usual barbell flat bench press.
This makes it a great various for people who battle with the barbell
bench press or have accessibility points with it. The higher chest muscle fibers could be quite cussed to develop for
some. Fortunately, this train helps particularly goal the upper chest
which is crucial for full chest development.
This cable exercise is good for targeting the decrease chest muscles which can be highly beneficial for constructing a well-rounded chest.
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