Китай в этом году отправит на Луну растения и насекомых
Для многих первая высадка человека на Луну ознаменовала переход человечества в новую эпоху освоения космоса, но эта слава отойдет на второй план после очередного шага в покорении космического пространства – высадки на Марс. Тем не менее в последние годы у многих космических агентств вновь вспыхнуло желание вернуться к уже пройденному «гигантскому скачку для всего человечества».
В этом году в рамках китайской лунной исследовательской программы (CLEP), реализуемой Китайским национальным космическим управлением (CNSA), планируется осуществление миссии «Чанъэ-4». В рамках программы к Луне уже были запущены два орбитальных космических аппарата, а также один посадочный модуль с луноходом. Сейчас же у китайской стороны появилось желание заняться изучением геологических особенностей естественного спутника Земли и одновременно исследовать эффекты воздействия лунной гравитации на земных насекомых и растений.
Начало миссии «Чанъэ-4» запланировано на июнь этого года. В ее рамках с помощью ракеты-носителя Long March 5 будет произведен запуск посадочного аппарата, состоящего из стационарной лунной станции и лунохода. Спустя шесть месяцев после того, как космический аппарат достигнет нужной орбиты в точке Лагранжа L2, в сторону Луны будет отправлен посадочный модуль с луноходом. Последний, помимо научных инструментов для изучения особенностей лунного грунта, будет нести на своем борту специальный контейнер из алюминиевого сплава, внутри которого будут содержаться семена растений, а также живые насекомые.
«В контейнере будут находиться семена картофеля, арабидопсиса, а также яйца шелкопряда. Вылупившиеся гусеницы шелкопряда смогут производить углекислый газ, в то время как картофель и семена смогут производить для них кислород через фотосинтез. В результате мы сможем получить простую экосистему», — рассказал в интервью местного издания Chongqing Morning Post главный разработчик контейнера Цянь Яньсюнь.
Интереса миссии добавляет еще и тот факт, что посадка космического аппарата будет впервые производиться в неисследованном регионе на обратной стороне Луны. Этим регионом является Бассейн Южный полюс — Эйткен – огромный ударный кратер в южном полушарии спутника. Его приблизительный диаметр составляет 2500 километров при глубине около 13 километров, что делает его одним из самых больших кратеров во всей Солнечной системе.
Для ученых кратер представляет интерес не только своими размерами. В прошлом астрономы обнаружили, что этот регион содержит большие запасы водного льда. Ученые объясняют его наличие не только активной «бомбардировкой» этого региона метеоритами и астероидами, которые могли содержать воду, но еще и тем, что это лед смог сохраниться там благодаря постоянному нахождению в тени от солнечного света. Без воздействия прямых солнечных лучей водный лед в этой области не подвергался сублимации и химической диссоциации.
С конца 60-х годов исследование этого региона проводилось в рамках нескольких миссий, включая «Аполлон-15/16/17», Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), а также индийской «Чандраян-1». В рамках последней, имевшей место в 2008 году, также производилась выброска ударного зонда, с помощью которого с поверхности спутника в космос удалось поднять частицы грунта, которые впоследствии были изучены орбитальным аппаратом. В рамках этой миссии было подтверждено наличие водного льда в кратере Эйткен. Позже данные были также подтверждены космическим аппаратом NASA LRO.
Благодаря этому открытию, Бассейн Южный полюс — Эйткен стал рассматриваться одним из наиболее подходящих мест для строительства лунной базы. Поэтому с этой точки зрения миссия «Чанъэ-4» также будет направлена и на выяснение такой возможности. Ведь помимо более детального анализа местной среды в рамках миссии ученые планируют узнать, можно ли выращивать в условиях лунной гравитации живые организмы.
Более ранние исследования, проводившиеся на борту Международной космической станции, показали, что долговременное нахождение в условиях микрогравитации может очень плохо сказываться на здоровье, по крайней мере человеческого организма, однако ученым по-прежнему мало известно, какие эффекты могут вызываться долговременным воздействием пониженной гравитацией.
Вопросом возможности создания лунной базы в настоящий момент заинтересованы сразу несколько космических агентств. Например, ЕКА (Европейское космическое агентство) выразило желание строительства Международной лунной деревни в южном полярном регионе спутника к 2030-м годам. Тема не ограничивается одним лишь желанием. Вполне конкретные шаги агентство планирует осуществить уже через пару лет. В рамках совместной миссии ЕКА и российского Роскосмоса планируется миссия по доставке лунных образцов грунта на Землю. К 2020 году в Бассейн Южный полюс — Эйткен планируется отправка роботизированного зонда, который произведет забор образцов льда. Исходя из полученных данных, вопрос целесообразности строительства базы именно в этом месте будет рассматриваться дальше.
В прошлом американское космическое агентство NASA также обсуждало идеи строительства базы в южном полярном регионе Луны. В 2014 году группа инженеров из NASA провела встречу с гарвардскими учеными и другими участниками. Основным вопросом обсуждения была тема перспективы снижения стоимости строительства лунной базы. В итоге пришли к идее моделирования базы на одной из американских полярных станций в Антарктиде.
Что же касается миссии «Чанъэ-4», то если все пройдет, как запланировано, то Китай продолжит запуск роботизированных миссий и в течение следующих 15 лет предпримет попытку пилотируемой миссии на Луну. Кроме того, ходят разговоры о том, что Китай хочет построить радиотелескоп на спутнике. Установка будет развернута на обратной стороне спутника, где будет не подвержена радиоискажениям, идущим от Земли.
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