Космическая лихорадка: реальная проблема на пути покорения дальнего космоса
Новое исследование показывает, что так называемая космическая лихорадка совсем не миф. При долгом нахождении в условиях микрогравитации температура тела может повышаться, а при физических нагрузках она возрастает еще сильнее. К такому выводу пришли немецкие ученые, изучившие физические показатели астронавтов, побывавших на борту Международной космической станции.
В общем, в и без того огромный список проблем со здоровьем, связанных с пребыванием в космосе и стоящих перед мечтой длительных космических путешествий, можно добавить еще один пункт.
В то же время исследователи отмечают, что температура тела повышается не мгновенно. Повышение этого показателя может происходить в течение нескольких месяцев, пока организм человека привыкает к условиям отсутствующей гравитации. Об этом, по крайней мере, говорят те данные о состоянии здоровья, которые собирались перед полетом, во время нахождения на МКС, а также после возвращения астронавтов обратно на Землю.
Данные показывают, что после двух с половиной месяцев пребывания на орбите во время выполнения физических упражнений температура тела астронавтов регулярно превышает показатель в 40 градусов. При этом средний показатель температуры, как правило, повышается на 1 градус и составляет 37 градусов даже тогда, когда астронавт ничем не занимается.
«Мы разработали новую систему, которая может снимать температурные показания с кожи с помощью датчиков, способных фиксировать даже незначительные изменения в температуре артериальной крови», — объясняет Ханнс-Кристиан Гунга из Клиника Шарите в Берлине, один из исследователей этого проекта.
Несмотря на то, что медики и ученые уже работают над решением некоторых проблем, связанных с длительными космическими путешествиями, фактических исследований воздействия эффектов микрогравитации на центральную температуру тела, которая на Земле регулируется нашими внутренними биологическими системами, проводилось очень мало. В то же время следить за температурой тела в космосе очень важно, особенно если мы хотим когда-нибудь отправиться к другим планетам Солнечной системы. В конечном итоге гипертермия и тепловой удар при полете к Марсу вряд ли окажутся кому-то на пользу.
В новом исследовании немецкие ученые снимали данные о температуре у 11 астронавтов, начав собирать информацию за 90 дней до полета и закончив через 30 дней после возвращения. В течение всего этого времени люди носили на лбу особо чувствительные датчики. Эти датчики показали, что центральная температура тела в условиях микрогравитации растет быстрее, чем на Земле. Ученые объясняют это тем, что космическая среда препятствует правильной работе тех факторов, которые регулируют температуру тела в земных условиях. Например, изменяется уровень выделяемого нами тепла в окружающую нас среду, а также объем пота, который наш организм выделяет для своего охлаждения. Кроме того, в космосе пот испаряется гораздо медленнее, что, в свою очередь, может стать проблемой при длительных физических нагрузках, так как возрастает возможность перегрева организма.
«В условиях невесомости нашим телам становится очень сложно избавиться от лишнего тепла. Недостаток перехода тепла между телом и внешней средой может стать настоящей проблемой и привести к перегреву», — говорит Гунга.
Повышение среднего показателя температуры тела может носить критический характер на нашу работоспособность и самочувствие, говорят ученые. Многочисленные научные исследования говорят о том, что ежедневный центральный показатель температуры человека при физическом труде не должен превышать 38 градусов.
О результатах последних исследований ученые поделились в журнале Nature.
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