Полет и жизнь на Марсе будут сродни путешествию в ад

Аэрокосмическое агентство NASA и компания SpaceX не только пытаются придумать, как доставить человека на Марс, они также думают о том, как 200-дневное путешествие и собственно сама жизнь на Красной планете могут повлиять на человеческий организм и что с этим делать. Судя по всему, людей ожидают все «прелести» долговременного нахождения в космических условиях: мышечная атрофия, потеря плотности костей, повышенное внутричерепное давление, другие физиологические проблемы. Вкупе с нехваткой ресурсов и долговременным воздействием космического излучения поездочка обещает быть крайне захватывающей и интересной.

Для решения проблемы NASA и партнеры агентства работают над системой, которая будет вводить людей в состояние полной неактивности, что по сути будет являться той самой гибернацией, которую нам показывают в научно-фантастических фильмах. Кроме того, ведутся разработки защитных методов и средств, которые позволят людям выжить на Марсе. Журналисты портала Engadget поймали на научном симпозиуме Hello Tomorrow, проходившем недавно в Париже, Лауру Кербер из NASA, а также Джона Брэдфорда, главу компании Spaceworks, занимающейся разработкой космических технологий, и выяснили подробности.

«Перед нами стоят множество сложностей, не позволяющих сейчас добраться до Марса в здоровом состоянии», — отметил Брэдфорд в рамках своего выступления на мероприятии.

Будучи экспертом в вопросах человеческих космических исследований, Брэдфорд занимается разработкой метода, который позволит избежать множества описанных в начале этой статьи проблем путем помещения человека в «состояние полной неактивности» или продолжительной гипотермии. Использование этой технологии позволит не только сократить риски, связанные со здоровьем астронавтов, но и решит множество технических и инженерных проблем.

С медицинской точки зрения технология позволит решить любые виды так называемых психосоциальных расстройств (находясь в состоянии постоянного сна вам, например, удастся избежать такого состояния, как депрессия), снизить проблему внутричерепного давления, а использование других методов, например электростимуляции, позволит минимизировать процесс мышечной атрофии, потери плотности костей и в перспективе даже положительно скажется на решении проблемы воздействия космического излучения на организм.

С технической точки зрения использование технологии введения организма в состояние полной неактивности существенно упростит задачу NASA и SpaceX по доставке людей на Марс. Во-первых, это позволит существенно сократить необходимость в пище, а также снизит требования к объему жилого пространства внутри космического аппарата и, следовательно, уровню необходимой энергии для его питания.

«Все эти вещи добавляют лишнюю нагрузку космическому аппарату. Необходимая пропульсивная энергия выполняет экспоненциальную функцию (функцию массы), поэтому любое сокращение массы откроет для нас значительные преимущества», — заявил Брэдфорд.

Фраза «полная неактивность организма» может звучать жутко. Но эта вещь действительно работает. Нормальная температура тела человека обычно находится в районе 36,6 градуса Цельсия, однако у людей, находящихся в состоянии неактивности организма, при применении метода терапевтической гипотермии температура организма, как правило, находится на уровне 32-34 градусов Цельсия. Подобный метод нередко используется с целью снижения риска ишемического повреждения тканей и, например, применялся на чемпионе «Формулы-1» Михаэле Шумахере для снижения очага воспаления поврежденного мозга.

В отличие от медицинской гипотермии, которая обычно длится в течение всего нескольких дней, астронавтов планируется вводить в состояние полной неактивности организма на период двух недель, затем пробуждать их на пару дней, чтобы они могли справить все свои нужды, а затем повторять процесс. И так до тех пор, пока они не доберутся до Марса. Это может нести определенные риски. Долговременная седация (человек все это время будет как «овощ»), вопрос питания, гидрации, утилизации отходов и правильный климат-контроль – вот лишь несколько проблем, которые придется решить перед началом применения этого метода.

Чтобы решить вопрос, Spaceworks и NASA хотят обратиться к комбинации трех разных подходов: медицинского, физиологического и фармацевтического. Во-первых, рассматривается вариант принятия специальных медицинских препаратов, которые заставят организм думать, что температура 32-34 градуса Цельсия является для него «обычной». А во-вторых, рассматривается вариант использования метода ЧЭГ (чрескожной эндоскопической гастростомии). Это когда к вашему желудку напрямую подсоединяется трубка, по которой в него подается пища. Звучит крайне радикально, но, по мнению специалистов, такой подход существенно упростит переход организма от полного бездействия к пробуждению.

Полет и жизнь на Марсе будут сродни путешествию в ад

Также рассматриваются методы электростимуляции всего организма для снижения мышечной атрофии, использование аппарата для дыхательной поддержки (чтобы держать правильный баланс кислорода и углекислого газа), сенсоров для мониторинга жизненно важных показателей, компьютерно управляемой температурной среды и, разумеется, системы удаления отходов жизнедеятельности организма. Как можно видеть на картинке сверху, в целом система в большей степени будет походить на камеры гибернации, которые мы привыкли видеть в различных фантастических фильмах.

В результате использования такой системы (надеются ученые) мы получим полностью здоровых и счастливых астронавтов, а также более компактные и в то же время более эффективные космические аппараты. В этом случае марсианский космический транспорт можно будет уменьшить в размерах почти вполовину, сократив его массу с 45,5 до 25,5 тонны, а также уменьшив почти вполовину объем необходимой жилой площади внутри корабля и при этом снизив на четверть энергопотребление его систем. Доставка тысяч людей для создания полноценной марсианской колонии станет действительно реальной перспективой.

«Я считаю, что такой подход откроет возможность к космическим полетам на Марс и в другие направления. Без использования по-настоящему продвинутых технологий (как та, что мы предлагаем), у вас просто ничего не получится», — говорит Брэдфорд.

Может, в данном случае вы и прибудете на Марс счастливым и здоровым, но ваши настоящие проблемы только начнутся.

«Одной из самых сложных проблем, с которой придется столкнуться, – это среда высокого давления, требующая от вас использования неудобного, герметичного космического скафандра, а также крайне низкие температуры в ночное время», — говорит планетарный геолог NASA/JPL Лаура Кербер.

Для решения этого вопроса специалисты NASA ведут разработку более легких космических скафандров, с поддержкой меньшего внутреннего давления, за счет компенсации его механической компрессии на организм.

Космическое излучение тоже является большой проблемой, так как Марс, в отличие от Земли, не имеет своего защитного магнитного поля. Гравитация здесь составляет всего 1/3 от земной, и ученые пока не уверены, как именно она повлияет на поселенцев. Исследователям также необходимо больше узнать о марсианской пыли — насколько опасно ее воздействие на дыхательную систему человека и его кожу.

Полет и жизнь на Марсе будут сродни путешествию в ад

Помимо экологических проблем, существуют и географические. Марс обладает большими запасами суши, однако топологическая картина здесь довольно грубая.

«Протяженность системы каньонов Долина Маринер здесь эквивалентна размерам США. Двигаясь здесь на своем ровере, вам может прийти в голову мысль объехать это место, так как глубина каньона в три раза больше Гранд-Каньона. Забудьте сразу. Объехать тут никак не получится».

Оползни, ударные кратеры (появляющиеся здесь гораздо чаще, чем на Земле), гейзеры из углекислого газа, пыльные бури на всей поверхности планеты и многое другое – помимо прочего, вам придется столкнуться и с этим. Другой проблемой являются ресурсы.

«Основная загвоздка заключается в том, что большая часть водных запасов Марса сосредоточена там, где жить просто невозможно», — говорит Кербер.

«Воды много на полюсах планеты, где очень холодно. Но если спуститься ближе к экватору, здесь гораздо теплее и существенно проще выходить на орбиту. Правда воды здесь нет. Совсем. Ну или почти совсем», — добавляет ученый.

Даже если астронавтам и удастся найти здесь воду, перед ними встанет выбор – использовать ее в качестве питьевого источника или же в качестве источника производства водорода и кислорода для ракетного топлива.

В жизни на Марсе есть и положительная сторона, шутит Кербер. Вы сразу же потеряете две трети своей массы, у вас появится на 40 минут больше времени ежедневно, а также вы будете моложе землян, так как год здесь длится почти в два раза дольше.

Для исследования уровня излучения, атмосферы и геологии Красной планеты NASA использует марсоходы, но в отношении этого места по-прежнему остается очень много нерешенных вопросов. Для сбора дополнительной информации и проверки одних и тех же показателей в разных частях планеты потребуется проведение новых миссий. Кербер отмечает, что наличие нового орбитального космического аппарата с большей разрешающей способностью камер для поиска ценных полезных ископаемых, которые могли бы пригодиться для выживания на планете, принесло бы огромную пользу.

Полет и жизнь на Марсе будут сродни путешествию в ад

Регион Bagnold Dunes у горы Шарпа

Так где же на Марсе находится наиболее подходящее место для жизни? По мнению той же Кербер, ей приглянулся регион возле экватора. Здесь находятся различные мелкозернистые материалы, которые можно использовать для прокладки дорог. Наличие же скал в этом месте открывает возможность пробурить в них пещеры, которые можно использовать в качестве жилищ.

«Живя на Марсе, вы будете находиться на переднем крае технологий, то есть в вашем распоряжении будут самые передовые из существующих технологии. Тем не менее эта жизнь скорее будет похожа на примитивное существование», — говорит Кербер.

«Я представляю ее как время в нашей истории, когда все люди жили в пещерах. В нашем же случае, находясь в пещере, вы будете защищены от космического излучения и резких температурных изменений. Подойдя ближе к выходу, вас будет ожидать фантастическая картина на окружающий мир и поток свежего космического излучения. Каждый день».

В общем, сначала при полете к Красной планете человеку придется побыть в состоянии гипотермической комы, больше похожим на овощ с воткнутыми в него многочисленными проводами, а по прибытии залезть в пещеру и считать дни до кончины своего жалкого существования. Просто великолепные перспективы! Кто, черт возьми, вообще решится на такое? Уж точно не человек, просто желающий быть моложе и иметь больше свободного времени, как до этого отмечала Кербер.

Для этого подойдут только настоящие отчаянные сорвиголовы, как те (причем в равной степени обоих полов), которых в начале 1900-х искал англо-ирландский исследователь Антарктики сэр Энрест Генри Шеклтон, писавший в поданном в газету объявлении следующее:

«В крайне опасное приключение требуются люди, не боящиеся маленькой зарплаты, лютого холода, долгих месяцев полной темноты, постоянного присутствия опасности, маловероятного возвращения домой живым, а также славы и всеобщего признания в случае успеха».

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    We understand that many underestimate the psychological results of this steroid, because it commonly will increase bouts of tension and despair. Although it’s attainable to barely cut back the unwanted facet effects of trenbolone, it remains a deleterious anabolic steroid. Life-style and genetic factors also can affect the result of a trenbolone cycle. Fatigue often happens when a person is not getting enough sleep or is overtraining.
    Trenbolone additionally provides the muscles a dry appearance as a end result of its lack of aromatization, which produces a diuretic impact. The minimal quantities of extracellular fluid surrounding the muscle tissue give the body a photoshopped-like look, growing the likelihood of prominent vascularity and muscle striations. This page may include delicate or adult content material that’s not for everyone. To view it, please log in to verify your age.By persevering with, you also agree that use of this site constitutes acceptance of Reddit’s User Settlement and acknowledgement of our Privacy Policy.
    This is in reference to its extremely highly effective nature, producing distinctive results (and equally harsh aspect effects). His aggressiveness, anger, and selfishness made him so insufferable to be around that his mom typically didn’t want him in the house. Oliver alternated between six-week cycles of tren and rounds of testosterone alternative for five years. That makes it particularly dangerous for teenagers and first-time customers taking large doses. These include a «very high threat of psychosis and rage,» says Israetel. Research has lengthy backed the notion that anabolic-steroid use can adversely have an effect on psychological well being. Trenbolone is an especially powerful steroid, usually only really helpful to be used by professional bodybuilders and athletes.
    If you’re just beginning your journey on the Tren Maya, you might need to see our video about what it’s like. We added some suggestions that could be useful for new since every little thing is new and tips that will also assist sooner or later. Buses (Trams) are scheduled to fulfill the Tren Maya arrivals and departures. The value goes right down to 12 pesos, but if you are solely in town for a day, it might be extra work than it is worth. Since it’s a straightforward, flat journey, most bikers successfully make it to Tigre and return to town by practice. The boat is an efficient Friday evening possibility if you’re planning to spend the weekend in Tigre. Another option for those staying in a northern part of town similar to Palermo or Belgrano is to take the 152 bus to Mitre station the place you can catch the Tren de la Costa.
    Trenorol is a authorized and safe various to Trenbolone that can allow you to obtain the same outcomes without any of the unwanted effects. I’ve been in the business of bodybuilding and health for over a decade and I haven’t seen any safer replacements that come near what CrazyBulk has to supply. Gynecomastia is a situation that causes the development of breasts in men. It can be attributable to a selection of factors, including hormone imbalances, certain medicines, and weight problems. In a layman’s definition, testicular atrophy is the lower within the size or shrinkage of the testicles. This is brought on by numerous factors, including decreased blood circulate, lack of exercise, and hormonal imbalances. It’s characterized by a hacking cough, shortness of breath, and typically wheezing.
    Thus, trenbolone has more of the fascinating, anabolic, nitrogen-sparing effects as testosterone and fewer of the undesirable, androgenic, virilizing results. To date, nonetheless, complete dissociation of the anabolic effects of an AAS from its androgenic characteristics has been inconceivable, and tren use is not without consequences. Be positive to incorporate an excellent PCT (post cycle therapy) program into your plan to ensure you hold your positive aspects and defend your well being. The combination of those three steroids will result in vital features in both size and power.
    Masteron will always be a milder and simpler steroid to use than Trenbolone. Each will preserve power ranges, however Trenbolone will do this extra powerfully than Masteron. Trenbolone acetate is considered one of the best type of Tren for a chopping cycle.
    When used together, they will create an extremely powerful and efficient cycle that may help you achieve your objectives quickly and effectively. This cycle must be used for a minimum of eight weeks, and you will need to observe a strict food plan and training program whereas on it. So, you could wish to begin with a lower dose of testosterone and increase it as needed. Trenbolone has a excessive potential for abuse, and it could trigger critical unwanted effects similar to heart illness, liver injury, infertility, and changes in mood and behaviour. Lastly, our scientific evaluate board evaluations the content material to ensure all key info and claims are backed by high-quality scientific analysis and defined simply and exactly.
    By comparison, the more commonly used Trenbolone Acetate ester has a half-life of just three days. The interval that Tren Hex can be detected in your system extends well past its half-life; this steroid can remain at detectable levels within the physique for up to 5 or 6 months after ending a cycle. Trenbolone is positioned in the same class as all anabolic steroids, making it a prohibited substance in sporting competitions throughout the world.

    References:

    https://www.northwestu.edu/?URL=https://jbhnews.com/tren-trenbolone-acetate-steroid-for-bodybuilding/24831/

  4. Anavar’s testosterone-suppressing results, nevertheless, can linger for a quantity of months. Clenbuterol’s fat-burning effects may be attributed to its powerful effects on the central nervous system (CNS). Testosterone undecanoate is the exception to this rule, where dietary fats improves absorption. As beforehand mentioned, Anavar is an expensive steroid as a end result of BTG monopolizing the market and driving the price up, costing sufferers $3.75–$30 per day, relying on the dose required. Bodybuilders generally purchase testing kits, enabling them to establish if their Anavar product is authentic.
    Only users who have cycled Dianabol and tolerated it should take this stack. Deca Durabolin will improve power and dimension gains whereas concurrently suppressing testosterone levels and contributing to further water retention. Ladies might cycle Anadrol alone or along side Anavar for further muscle positive aspects (and fats loss). Anavar is one other female-friendly steroid that minimizes the risk of virilization when taken in modest doses and short cycles. We have found incidents of acne vulgaris to be more prevalent on trenbolone due to excessive stimulation of the sebaceous glands.
    The risk of growing arteriosclerosis and coronary heart illness is high with this cycle, so if users have a historical past of such in their household, it might be sensible to keep away from this cycle. Thus, users will burn more subcutaneous fats with this cycle and expertise additional lean mass compared to operating Sustanon 250 by itself. Whereas outcomes range from individual to individual and depend upon varied different variables, users can expect testosterone to trigger vital will increase in muscle size and strength. Due To This Fact, by way of muscle features, it does not matter what form of testosterone you employ, as it is the same compound and thus will produce an similar end outcome.
    Stacking in this way can significantly improve a person’s outcomes, compared to Testosterone-only cycles. This fat-burning impact is because of androgen receptors rising the expression of CPTI (carnitine palmitoyltransferase I), consequently decreasing fat mass (2). Thus, if you had been to stack Deca with Anadrol, for example, it isn’t a super combination as a outcome of Anadrol cannot be run for long durations as a end result of its excessive toxicity. Since testosterone cypionate was formulated, we’ve seen it turn out to be more regularly used than enanthate in the US because of its limited availability worldwide.
    This will offer you a beneficial every day caloric consumption; when using Anavar for slicing, reduce your consumption by about 500 energy beneath the beneficial amount. This ought to comprise high-quality protein and carbs (not refined or white carbohydrates). Most individuals would find that the price of pharmaceutical-grade Anavar would just not be worth it, as it’s considerably costlier than most different, extra broadly available steroids. Very little Oxandrolone is produced for human medical use these days, so there’s hardly any provide of pharma-grade products. That means it won’t be low-cost if you’ll find some (and be sure it’s reliable and genuine).
    However, we find that trenbolone’s estrogen-like unwanted effects are more noticeable when stacked with steroids that aromatize. Testosterone ranges will virtually certainly be shut down post-cycle, needing a strong PCT to get endogenous testosterone back to normal levels. This Winstrol cycle was a regular protocol when it was initially released, with more conservative dosages being utilized.
    Clenbuterol’s dosage will gradually increase and reduce, as is the usual use. Begin at 20mcg/day, then gradually improve the dose every day till you reach your desired peak of round 120mcg/day. Winstrol is generally not recommended for girls because of its androgenic unwanted facet effects. If women still want to use Winstrol in a cycle like this, taking a dosage of 5mg could hold virilization in verify. Clenbuterol needs to be utilized in a method that maintains its most results for the total size of your cycle. This means you need to adjust the dose as the weeks go on, beginning at fairly a low dose at the beginning of your cycle. The physique adapts to Clenbuterol’s results, making it essential to gradually improve your dosage till you reach your most desired dose.
    What when you could get the efficiency enhancing, muscle building results of a steroid without taking steroids? While some PCT protocols may go for a quantity of steroids, it’s essential to tailor your PCT to the specific steroid you used. Anavar is a gentle steroid, so you could not need as aggressive of a PCT as you would for different, more potent steroids. Talk to your physician or a professional healthcare skilled to discover out the best PCT protocol for you.
    There is a method to keep away from a lot of the unwanted effects with a tapering dose on the finish of the cycle. This is particularly good and successful in relation to long cycles, and excessive doses of steroids. The finest means to use Anavar is to begin out with decrease dosages, and to extend over the course of 8 weeks, the place men must be beginning with 20mg per day, and ladies from 2.5mg per day. Most feminine Anavar customers won’t require or wish to take dosages at such a high vary, instead sticking to a range of 5mg to 15mg daily. This might be enough for most girls to deliver distinctive fat-burning and body composition enhancements. Wait 14 days publish cycle to start restoration and use 50mg/day Clomid for 20 days and zero.5mg/day Arimidex alongside it. Even although Anavar is what we consider to be a milder steroid compared to most others, it’s still an anabolic steroid.
    Clenbuterol is usually used independently and is very efficient as a sole compound. That’s exactly how you should try utilizing it first because you’ll need to evaluate your response to the possibly harsh and difficult side effects. There’s a good reason why Albuterol is the popular prescription drug in most nations – it’s higher tolerated and doesn’t include the same excessive cardiovascular dangers that Clenbuterol does. Most folks will take it within the morning, giving it time to have probably the most potent stimulant results peak and wane later within the evening.
    Deca Durabolin’s weak androgenic nature, when combined with excessive prolactin levels, causes circumstances of erectile dysfunction. When androgen ranges are insufficient, nitric oxide (NO) concentrations lower. Enough NO production is important for the availability of blood to penile tissue. It is difficult to judge the efficacy of Deca Durabolin in isolation, as it is typically mixed with other anabolic steroids. Regardless Of this, we now have observed lowered anabolism in customers who remove Deca Durabolin from stacks.
    This will help maximize the benefits and preserve your well being all through. With a regulated dosage and the right amount of workout, it won’t be lengthy earlier than you’re within the physique you all the time wanted. A greater consumption can result in the development of cumbersome muscle tissue, could have an effect on their menstrual cycle, and even result in pores and skin problems and hair loss.

    References:

    anabolic steroids street names (http://loredz.com/vb/go.php?url=https://al-nasr.com.az/user/ceolanrgdy)

  5. False constructive results can occur in any drug test, together with those for Anavar. However, the chances of a false positive end result are usually low if the take a look at is performed properly and by a certified laboratory. Drug exams for detecting Anavar can be very correct, but false positives and false negatives can occur.
    It allows excellent muscle gain and joint aid benefits while minimizing unwanted effects. These who wish to take a better dose of Deca will improve it to 500mg or 600mg per week on the most – but such excessive doses are only beneficial for extra skilled users. Whereas bodybuilders and athletes have used Deca-Durabolin for properly over 50 years, no anabolic steroid can ever be proclaimed as safe when used for efficiency enhancement functions. Cardiovascular-related unwanted aspect effects are often essentially the most regarding aspect of any anabolic steroid.
    It is the apex of the never-ending quest to find and develop an anabolic steroid that might be considered good. With this being said, Anavar is probably the closest that science has come to developing what could be thought of the proper anabolic steroid. Heightened estrogen ranges can cause increased water retention and gynecomastia—the formation of breast tissue.
    A balanced PCT protocol allows people to retain gains by normalizing the body’s hormonal surroundings which promotes recovery and homeostasis. The use of Masteron E can have a adverse impact on cholesterol levels. It can probably decrease HDL (the «good» cholesterol) and improve LDL (the «bad» cholesterol), which in flip would possibly have an effect on blood stress and overall cardiovascular health. For managing these dangers, a diet high in omega fatty acids, common cardiovascular exercise, and monitoring levels of cholesterol is suggested. In some instances, ldl cholesterol administration drugs could also be needed under medical supervision.
    For many people, underground labs (UGLs) are the only place to source NPP. People have been using Deca-Max for years, with astonishing outcomes rivaling Nandrolone. Deca-Max supplies essentially the most best, secure, and LEGAL various to Nandrolone, and you won’t be wasting any time or money on combating nasty unwanted effects.
    This means possessing or utilizing Primobolan and not using a prescription just isn’t authorized. Some countries are more lenient in relation to private use of Primo. You can legally possess Primobolan within the UK, Canada, some EU international locations, and most Asian international locations. In some locations, corresponding to Thailand, you’ll find a way to even discover steroids like Primobolan being offered over-the-counter in pharmacies.
    Trenbolone will give you far more muscle-gaining potential than Masteron, which is more of a pure-cutting AAS. Negative critiques about females’ experiences with Tren will be intensive – most is not going to handle it. The usual side effects like night time sweats will pose a problem, however the virilizing results will generate the most complaints.
    A few of our patients have experienced insomnia or difficulty sleeping on anabolic steroids, including Anavar. This can persist for the first few weeks of a cycle, after which sleep patterns sometimes improve. However, clenbuterol isn’t an anabolic steroid; due to this fact, we don’t see it have an result on pure testosterone levels to any vital diploma.
    By taking Primobolan your immune system will strengthen, making yourself healthier and less-susceptible to illness/disease. Nevertheless, Primobolan can offer some significant health benefits, as it’s been discovered to spice up the immune system. When folks generally think of steroids, they consider them in a unfavorable gentle, as they have a reputation for being harmful. Nonetheless, the issue lies when calories drop too low, which is when the body can start to burn muscle tissue. Arnold is rumoured to be one of many great bodybuilders who used primo, helping him to turn out to be the greatest Mr Olympia champion of all time.
    In this occasion, users may also experience water retention and bloating, which Anavar doesn’t trigger, plus heightened anabolic results. We find that if junk meals are consumed throughout a cycle, sodium levels will rise, causing water retention. This can inhibit Anavar’s diuretic effects, inflicting the muscles to look more and more clean and scale back muscle definition, striations, and vascularity. Alcohol has a unfavorable effect on cortisol ranges (35); thus, fat-burning might turn out to be inhibited. Moreover, cortisol is a catabolic hormone, meaning heavy alcohol consumption may reduce muscle mass.

    References:

    https://music.growverse.net/megancollado39

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