Исследование: предпочитающие ночной образ жизни рискуют умереть раньше
Международная группа ученых из Великобритании и США завершила масштабное исследование хронотипов человека, длившееся 6,5 лет, и пришла к выводу, что люди-«совы» рискуют умереть раньше отмеренного им биологического срока. О своей работе исследователи поделились в специализированном журнале Chronobiology International.
«Люди ведут ночной образ жизни не по своей воле, а в силу особенностей психики и физиологии. Наша задача — помочь таким людям адаптироваться в жизни и, прибегнув к профилактическим мерам, позаботиться о своем здоровье», — утверждает одна из соавторов исследования Кристен Кнутсон из Северо-западного университета (США).
«Возможно, наше исследование подтверждает, что «совы» обладают своими собственными биологическими часами, ход которых не совпадает с течением времени вне их сознания», — добавляет исследователь, замечая, что из-за хронического недосыпания у «сов» значительно больше шансов подорвать свое здоровье по сравнению с «жаворонками».
«Позднее засыпание и пробуждение — проблема, существование которой общество не может игнорировать», — убежден профессор хронобиологии Университета Суррей Малкольм фон Шантц.
В широкомасштабном исследовании приняло участие более полумиллиона добровольцев из Англии возрастом от 38 до 73 лет. Для анализа также были собраны данные о поле, расе, индексе массы тела, наличии заболеваний и курении участников, а также о том, сколько часов в сутки они спят.
Результаты исследования показывают, что риск ранней смерти у «сов» на 10 процентов выше, чем у людей, придерживающихся естественного порядка чередования бодрствования и сна.
Традиционно считается, что существуют три вида человеческих хронотипов, среди них: «сова», «жаворонок» и «голубь». Люди, чей хронотип соответствует «жаворонку» или «голубю», чаще не испытывают проблем с утренним пробуждением и бодрствованием в течении дня. «Совам» же постоянно мешает сонливость.
Активность в современном мире больше подстроена под «жаворонков»: рабочий и учебный день начинается достаточно рано, что делает некоторые задачи сложнее для «сов». Постоянный недосып, вызванный необходимостью рано вставать, приводит к появлению так называемого «социального джетлага». Недавно, например, ученые выяснили, что из-за раннего начала занятий в университетах те, кто предпочитают вести более вечерне-ночной образ жизни, получают оценки хуже. При этом «совы» считаются более социальными, по сравнению с теми, кто привык вставать ни свет ни заря. Последние, в свою очередь, предпочитают в основном общаться только со знакомыми.
Необходимость подстраиваться под утренне-дневную деятельность может негативно сказаться и на здоровье «сов». В докладе ученых отмечается, что «совы», по полученным данным, наиболее подвержены кардиоваскулярным заболеваниям (инфаркты, инсульты, сердечно-сосудистая недостаточность), нарушениям эндокринной системы (диабет, дисфункции крупных желез внутренней секреции).
Ночной образ жизни также провоцирует развитие болезней желудочно-кишечного тракта, легочных расстройств и психических отклонений, говорится в результатах исследования.
Ученые отмечают, что их работа является первым масштабным исследованием связей между хронотипом человека и риском смерти от различных естественных причин. В дальнейшем необходимо провести больше исследований, которые смогут помочь определить физиологические причины подобной связи.
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